Chapter 17

The Atlantic revolution consisted of the french invasions of Egypt, Poland and Russia and helped abolish slavery and give women the rights we deserve. The equality principles helped socialism and communism. The revolutions of North America, Europe, Haiti, and Latin America influenced one another by getting out of the European Enlightenment, popular sovereignty, 

The North American Revolution lasted from 1775 to 1787. The revolution was a conservative political movement that aimed to preserve colonial liberties, rather than get new ones, for most of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British North American colonies had much local autonomy. A few colonies thought about breaking away from Britain before 1750.

Britain was in a need for money for its global war with France so they imposed a number of two taxes and tariffs on the colonies. British North America was revolutionary for the society that had already emerged and had no significant social transformation came with independence from Britain. The revolution accelerated democratic tendencies that were already established, political power remained in the hands of existing elites and property requirements for voting were lowered and property rights stayed intact. 

During this time the U.S. Constitution came into place and helped put the enlightenment political ideas into practice. The french revolution happened between 1789 to 1815. During this time, the french government was facing bankruptcy because of their tax system. King Louis XVI called the estates general to raise taxes. In French Revolution was fired up by social conflicts such as the middle classes resentment to aristocratic privileges, peasants oppressed and inflation and unemployment. This revolution was violent, the king and queen were executed in 1793, the terror killed tens of thousand of people. France ended up being divided into 83 territorial departments and created a massive army with all adult males being required to fight. The haitian Revolution happened from 1791 to 1804. Majority of the population were slaves. The revolution resulted in the slaves getting the power and was a success.It ended with equality for al races and plantations being divided between small farmers. The spanish american revolution lasted from 1810 to 1825. During this time, leaders of independence movements appealed to the lower classes in terms of nativism and all free people born in the Americas were Americanos. American and French revolutions focused attention on slaves’  lack of liberty and equality. Brazil was the last latin american country to abolish slavery in 1888. 

Chapter 16

Chapter 16:

As a Christian, it was insightful to read about the spread of Christianity. In 1500, Christianity was mostly limited to Europe. It was apart of small communities in Egypt, Ethiopia, southern India, and Central Asia. Christianity were on the defensive against Islam due to the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 as well as the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1529.

Imperialism made the globalization of Christianity possible because the settlers and traders brought their religion with them. The Portuguese missionaries led in Africa and Asia, while the russian orthodox missionaries worked in siberia and the spanish and french missionaries were in the americas. The European missionary success encouraged belief that the old gods had been defeated and the missionaries were successful the most in spanish america and the philippines. Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and Confucians resisted Christianity more. 

                                                

Christianity reached China in the powerful, prosperous Ming and Qing dynasties and needed government assistance to operate a missionary strategy. Jesuits targeted the official Chinese elite and appreciated astronomical, cartographical, technological and mathematical skills. In early eighteenth century,papacy and other missionary orders opposed Jesuit accommodation policy was regarded as an affront to Chinese culture and the emperor’s authority.

African types of Christianity came to the Americas with the slaves. Some of their syncretic religions (Vodou, Santeria, Candomble, Macumba) were also around. Wahhabism was an Islamic movement founded by Abd al-Wahhab who was a theologian. Wahhabism was based on the restoration of absolute monotheism, end veneration of saints and strict adherence to the sharia. During this time, the state was "purified" where women were expected to subject themselves to husbands, taxes were abolished, tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments were banned and idols were destroyed. I don't agree with the treatment of women in Wahhabism but given the time, I know that it's expected.

In the early modern period, the ming and qing dynasty China still operated within a Confucian framework. Kaozheng helped the Chinese elite with an emphasized the need for analysis, instead of unsupported speculation, led to new works on agriculture, medicine, etc., critical analysis of ancient historical documents and a scientific approach to knowledge. The Bhakti movement came from India which helped bring the hindus and muslim together. Bhakti appealed to women, set aside caste distinctions, effort to achieve union with the divine through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals.